Creativity Makes Advertising Effective Essay

This essay aims at exploring the impact of creativity in advertising and how creative advertisements are more effective in communicating to a target audience. It looks at how creative ads have more impact and how consumers react when the message is delivered in a unique and new way. It particularly focuses on the value that a creative ad can imply for a brand or a product and how it can contribute to strengthen corporate brand image. How a creative ad can build consumer brand loyalty and change his or her mentality towards the firm and strengthen brand loyalty. The first part of essay talks about creativity in advertising. What is creativity in advertising and how does it impact the corporation and how it impacts a consumer. The second part of the essay deals with the investment strategies that different corporations employ in making a creative commercial. the different approaches and marketing strategies employed with the funds available . We also try and understand if it is justified if the clients need to invest their resources and faith in the creation of a â€Å"Big Idea‘ . Does a creative ad guarantee success of a product and how it affects sales of a product or brand. Lastly the negative implications of creativity in advertising as to how it sometimes can be misinterpreted and mis communicated. Creativity in advertising In the advertising industry, the use of creativity is to define a solution to a problem, being new and relevant with your ideas. It is a tool to develop a message which will influence the attitudes and behavior in a persuasive or imaginative way (Bell J, International Journal of Advertising 1992). Creativity in advertising makes advertising more presentable to a consumer. It is a more approachable method of getting the message across to the consumer. On a day to day basis the consumer is bombarded with communication messages throughout the day. Most of the advertising gets filtered out or ignored as they do not communicate the message in a persuasive manner. Its mainly happens when the advertising is mainly used as a tool to educate the consumer about the product. An audio or visual form of media is used to explain about the product, the product features and promotions. When the advertising is not presented in a exciting form to the consumer it is obvious that the consumer will not be excited about the product. This leads to a stagnation of commercials as most of them deliver the same message for similar products and that ends up being presented as a clutter effect to the viewer. Impact of creativity Communicating in a unique message, is virtually impossible, as markets are crowded with the similar products therefore execution and use of creativity become powerful marketing signals. As most brands in a product line would have similar characteristics and product features it becomes very important to present the brand in a new and different manner. Creativity makes advertising more powerful that’s results in immediate effects on brand perceptions (Dahlen M , Rosengren S and Torn F, Journal of Advertising Research 2008) . Creative advertising makes the brand more interesting and exciting, which enhances the consumers perceptions of brand quality (Stockholm School of Economics, Dahlen M , Rosengren S and Torn F, Journal of Advertising Research 2008). It can be argued that creativity differs from person to person and depends on , the individuals lifestyle , mentality and perceptions . Therefore for a commercial to be creative it has to firstly be original or novel and the second fact is that creativity has to be multifaceted The degree of creativity that is expressed in the ad builds the image of the brand in the minds of the consumer (Koslow S , Sasser S , Riordan E , Perceptions in Advertising Agencies , 2003 ) . Often the most provocative and controversial commercials can catch the attention of the consumer and makes the consumer inquisitive about the product or the service and would be influenced by the social critique to experience the brand . Unless the commercial has a unique presentation the consumer will not invest time in completing the commercial. The visual representation of the brand in a advertisement expresses one form of emotion by which consumer is influenced pre purchase and can associate with the brand post purchase . It builds brand equity among consumers which provides a physiological value to customers by enhancing their interpretation about the product and influences future purchase decisions and satisfaction . Creative advertising campaigns provide international brands to sustain market strength and internationality. Creative ads give imagination and substance to the product. Often there is a tug of war between the clients and creative’s with the use of creativity in a commercial. As clients make huge investments for a campaign they expect the commercials to be educative and persuasive. As there is no real form or method of measuring the degree of creativity or the impact of creativity most clients which have limited budgets set for a campaign do not expect the agency to make a creative and innovative ad(Charnock W, The End of ‘Think Global, Act Local’: Big Ideas Are Global , 2007) . As not all corporations or brands can afford to make huge investments in advertising by constantly using media forms to build brand retention and awareness among their consumers therefore it is vital that there is line drawn as to what kind of creativity sells and what does not . As the flipside of an creative ad is that it may not make any sense to the consumer. The commercial may not have a connection between the creative idea and the utility and features of the product. A international master brand like Coke cola had a annual budget of $2. 6 billion in the year 2006 (Coke-Cola Company ,2010) . They have the liberty to bombard consumers with commercials to sustain brand retention and loyalty throughout the year whereas the same cannot be said for a smaller organization which would have a limited budget for marketing and advertising purposes. Smaller agencies who work with clients with limited budgets or clients that are under the radar are the ones who can work on creative ideas as taking risks is acceptable when compared to other competitors in the market . They have a need to influence the consumer in building apperception about the product or service. Creativity can also become unfashionable when the reliance on novelty and originality at the expense of relevance makes the advertisement vulnerable to perceptual filtering of the message, which may actually reduce effectiveness (Bottomley P , Heath R , Nairn A, How Effective is Creativity?  Emotive Content in TV Advertising Does Not Increase Attention, 2009 ) . Especially for international campaign creativity has to be restrained and controlled as different regions with different cultural and religious backgrounds may not interpret the message in a similar way . As advertising plays with people’s emotions and perceptions, advertisers must be very shrude not to hurt the sentiments of the consumer. Also at times the creative team in a advertising agency tries to be too clever by making commercials where the message and connection towards the product is either irrelevant or makes no sense at all. This can have a negative impact on the brand and the corporate image of the organization. Conclusion Creativity does not ensure the success of the product in terms of sales and neither does it add any value to the product. However creativity is a powerful tool to entice consumers and mould a positive attitude and mentality towards a brand or a service. Very often it’s not the message, but the way that the message is delivered makes a lasting impact on the viewer which affects his perceptions and beliefs towards the Brand. From an agency’s perspective creativity is advertising is beneficial to both the client and the consumer . Creative advertising helps build brand loyalty , a positive perspective in the minds of the consumer towards the organization . Creativity enhances the utility and value of a product in the eyes of a consumer. Most creative commercials influence the consumers’ mentality to make emotional responses compared to a rational approach when evaluating a product. This is vital for any brand to grow, sustain itself for a period of time and also influence new target audiences. Not too many clients approach ad agencies with a open mind about the use of creativity in advertising. The more the use of creativity in advertising the more value we get as advertising professionals. The more the use of creativity in commercial the better the results in adding value to the product and building a brand . Creativity gives product a brand image, a sense of uniqueness. The choice offered to consumers in terms of brands for a product is endless; therefore it is essential that your brand or product stands apart from the competition. This can only be achieved by using creativity in advertising.

A Deontological Perspective in Martin Luther King

Martin Luther King, Jr. specified in his â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† that war, racism and economic injustice are all intertwined and can be dealt with through the restructuring of society’s priorities and through addressing the necessity of a revolution of values (178). Such a perspective is based upon the assumption that oppression and unfair treatment of individuals is not morally valid nor is it morally permissible most especially if the basis of such is the individual’s ethnicity or race. Such a perspective can be traced to the deontological philosophy of Immanuel Kant. As the Kantians believed, each person has a capacity for rational deliberation and choice and as such, an autonomous being with dignity and therefore, ought to be respected by virtue of being human persons. The evolution of King’s ideological perspective may therefore be construed in such way that it is a product, both of his experiences as an African American living in a white-dominated society and his philosophical and political development and this may be inferred from Fairclough’s book, Martin Luther King, Jr. King’s speeches very clearly communicate his views. In one of his speeches, King states that the â€Å"unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality†¦.I have the audacity to believe that peoples everywhere can have three meals a day for their bodies, education and culture for their minds, and dignity, equality, and freedom for their spirits† (as cited by Carson 23). The necessity of such a belief is based upon his conviction that justice must necessarily prevail within any society since â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere† (King 178). Such a perspective thereby mirrors a deontological perspective that recognizes the upholding conditions of equality and liberty based upon the existence of universal laws that govern man’s dealings with one another. Works Cited Carson, C.   A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.   U.S.A.: Warner Books, 2002. Fairclough, A.   Martin Luther King, Jr. Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1995. King Jr., M.L. â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail.†Ã‚   Liberating Faith: Religious Voices for Justice.   Ed. Roger Gottlieb.   London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003.

Therearenoabsolutedistinctionsbetweenwhatistrueandwhatisfalse.Discuss Essay

Therearenoabsolutedistinctionsbetweenwhatistrueandwhatisfalse.Discuss this claim - Essay Example e bedrock of such misbehavior and ignorance resulting from such scenarios that people deny the absolute distinctions existing between truth and falsities. That is the reason, discussion examining the differences between what is true and what is wrong has almost always been a hot topic among sociologists and psychologists, who strive to find out the facts with the help of astute researches regarding whether there is any truth in the claim that â€Å"there are no absolute distinctions between what is true and what is false.† In my opinion, this statement or claim is unequivocally false and unjustified and I believe this because were it not for the clear distinction between truths and falsities, this world would have experienced long ago a horrible mess and pandemonium in no time at all. It is only because some people clearly see and realize the differences between the correct and incorrect actions that there is some peace left in this world. Agreeing on the doubtless boundary line marked between right and wrong is a factual and reality-based concept. â€Å"Absolutism† and â€Å"relativism† are two famous ethical approaches that are highly worth mentioning when discussing this claim that are the truths and falsities two entirely separate domains or not. Absolutism lays stress on the existence and applicability of moral or ethical standards and suggests that right is right and wrong is wrong and there is a clear difference between the good and bad actions. Believers of absolutism have a clear vision for identifying the morally justified deeds and know how to distinguish them from unethical and socially offensive actions. Respecting and abiding by the established moral laws is very important according to absolutism for preserving the traditional or conventional values, which reflect the obvious difference between just and unjust things. If the theory of absolutism is scrutinized, this much becomes clear that its whole philosophy strives to fulfill the obligation of

Email to Mr.Hayward Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Email to Mr.Hayward - Essay Example The study tries to find and analyze the factors of alternative monitors of potential romantic partners. With a small sample of 76 people who are in some committed romantic relationship, Niehuis draws on from the literature the most probable predictors that motivate infidelity in the partners. These predictors are categorized into three categories: qualities that partners bring into the relationship (e.g. permissive sexual values, low conscientiousness, low emotional stability etc.); inter-personal feelings and behavior towards each other in the relationship (e.g. lack of trust, lack of commitment and love etc.); and impact of social network (e.g. how the friends, relatives feel about the relationship and its impact). The sample comprised of equal numbers of male and female participants with an average age of 22 for men and 21 for women. The researcher used McCrae and Costas (1985) Big Five Fersonality measure to rate their own and perception of their partner’s personality. Braiker and Kelleys (1979) Love, Conflict, and Ambivalence scales were used for evaluating the strength of their love in varying situations. Felmlee, Sprecher, and Bassins (1990) 6-item Social Support Scale was used for looking at the extent to which others’ views influence the relationship. Stanley and Markmans (1992) Dedication Commitment, Availability of Fartners, Structural Investment, Social Fressure, and Altemative Monitoring scales were used to evaluate the degree of these characteristics within the partners. Use of Larzelere & Huston’s (1980) dyadic trust scale greatly facilitated to gauge the degree of influence of these predictors in infidelity. Hierarchical regression analysis was carried out wi th gender as control variable. The study found that interpersonal feelings and behavior was largely responsible for alternative monitoring and males are more prone to be unfaithful. I find the study particularly interesting because in the

Write about Ashland university experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Write about Ashland university experience - Essay Example Because of all of these warnings and advices I had put together a set of goals and long-term plans that did not include much social interaction or personal joy. Ashland University, however, maintained none of these circumstances and these misconceptions are not supported by real university experience. Since attending Ashland, I have found a great deal of time to explore my personal interests. This is due largely to the method by which instructors teach courses. It is due also to flexible scheduling for class attendance available to the students. Much to my surprise, I was able to explore rewarding social experiences and even gala due to the give that educators provide related to homework and other projects. This is not at all to imply that Ashland provides inferior education, only that the university seems to understand that extra-curricular fun and growth is very important for student satisfaction and stress reduction. There is also a common belief among many individuals that have studied English as a second language that English is very easy to master. ESL students often show off their learning in the English language to tell others in society how well they have succeeded. When others in Saudi Arabia who have just begun English lessons ask about the difficulty or content, they are often dismissed and told not to be concerned about problems. These students believe that tutor instruction is not very important to the learning process and that it can be achieved alone through very light study. English, however, is recognized by many researchers as being one of the most difficult languages in the entire world. Without the assistance of educators at Ashland in teaching style and patience, I would still be struggling with the English language today. I found that many instructors see my difficulties with comprehension and are willing to point out errors in grammar. They also give better tips on how to use the language properly. Even while writing this essay, I am

Business research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business - Research Paper Example Introduction It is important to understand the various concepts of a supply chain in order to comprehend sustainability in a business even further. The chain flows from the initial generator of the raw materials to the final person to benefit from the product, that is, the customer. In any business practice, risks are some of the most important aspects to recognize and the management of these threats helps in making the flow of work better and that of the products faster and thus the importance of carrying out research on how to best manage them. The research identifies three aspects of risk management ought to receive a high amount of attention. One of these is risk identification the other aspect to consider is that of risk assessment and then there is risk management. Problem Statement Occurrence of risks is one of the leading causes of business failure over the past few years. This is happens because of the poor management of the risks by the responsible teams. Managing risk in s upply chain management is very vital for the success of any company from the fact that in the unfortunate case of one of the risks occurring, all levels of the supply chain are affected, regardless of the point at which the product was during the risk occurrence (Conroe, 2008, 63). It is thus the duty of every player in the chain to ensure that recognition and evaluation of all risks takes place in an effort to put into place the important strategies to evade the risk. The research aims at showing the different levels of a supply chain and indulge deeply in the risks that each of the level managers go through. Moreover, there ought to be the identification of the two key classes of supply chain risks for the purpose of risk assessment. I chose management of risks in supply chain because I have had various experiences where companies languish from the amount of ignorance portrayed by their administration. An example of this is the BP case where there was the loss of a lot of the comp any’s credit from the oil spill that happened having the company in a recession for a few months (Adams, 2011, 473). The ignorance is mostly in terms of recognizing the source of the risks. Many are cases when companies fail due to the fact that the management thinks that the problem is a minor one and does not have much weight. However, I seek to change this notion in an effort to make people understand that each part of the chain has a role to play in either the success or the failure of the commodity they seek to establish. It all depends on the type of risk management. The issue at hand has had people always take risk management classes in an effort to solve the various arising matters that may have the company in a position to have a risk occurring. Research has shown that companies that do not take the steps end up regretting and consequently having a poor reputation due to customer dissatisfaction. Gaps in the research are in that it has been impossible to find cases t hat show immediate resolution of a risk taking place unlike the many present cases of risk occurrence. Risk Identification and Analysis Over the years, supply chain management has had its fair share of changes providing the need of every business to stay keen on its goals in this highly competitive 21st century. The study shows how the external and internal risks are vital for identification in any

Individual Rights and Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Individual Rights and Climate Change - Essay Example According to the research findings climate change will have major impact on people all over the world. Majority of the world’s population is susceptible to threats such as interruptions to water supply; raise in the severity of hurricanes, floods and famines, coastal erosion as a result of sea level increase; and to harmful human health effects, for instance, by means of an increase in the range as well as spread of disease. The effects of climate change are also a specific concern within the Asia Pacific region. In accordance with the fifth report from the â€Å"Working Group on Climate Change and Development, Up in Smoke? Asia and the Pacific released in November 2007†, the human drama of climate change will mostly be carried out within Asia, where more than 52 percent of the world’s entire population - more or less 5 billion people - lives. While responding to climate change, governments have conventionally tackled it as an environmental issue or more recently , as a fiscal one. Up until now, the communal as well as human rights inferences of climate change have little awareness. Yet the human costs of climate change openly intimidate basic human civil rights; â€Å"rights to life, to food, to a place to live and work, rights that governments have an obligation to protect†. One UN official states that global warming as well as severe weather conditions may have disastrous effects on the human rights of millions of individuals. Eventually, climate change may have an effect on the very right to life of a number of individuals; nations have a responsibility to prevent and deal with some of the â€Å"direst consequences that climate change may reap on human rights† (Godrej, 2006, p. 39). Equity concerns as well take place within the climate change perspective due to its inconsistent effect on already susceptible individuals as well as communities (Alston et al, 2007, p. 66). As said by the UK Secretary of State for the Environme nt, communally, climate change creates intense queries of impartiality and justice â€Å"between generations, between the developing and developed worlds; between rich and poor within each country† (McAdam, 2010, p. 62). The test is to discover a reasonable allocation of tasks as well as human rights. States have a positive responsibility to safeguard individuals against the danger created for civil rights by climate change, irrespective of the causes. The most successful way of easing this is to implement a civil rights based approach to strategy as well as governmental reactions to climate change; an advancement that is normatively supported by global civil rights values and that is aimed at encouraging as well as defending human rights (O’Brien et al, 2010, p. 43). Second part of this paper focuses on the human rights aspects of climate change. Particularly, it tries to find out how the human rights enclosed within the major global mechanisms are in jeopardy by the effects of climate change. Third part then goes on to focus on what responsibilities are imposed on countries, in both global as well as domestic regulation to act in response to these threats. Fourth part focuses on how nations may accomplish their human rights responsibilities, in the perspective of climate change reactions; arguing that a civil

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 39

Case study - Essay Example It must be noted that at the present moment my career as well as family life are in harmony. On the one hand, I am able to pay sufficient amount of attention towards matter that contribute to my development as a professional. On the other hand, I feel that I always have to spend with my family and I can hardly recall any instances when I had to experience any difficulties because of work in terms of my work life balance. Nevertheless, if I think about the issue in question in the long run, I might point out that the mindset of corporate America does not really suit me when it comes to harmonizing work and family. I see that the government has taken a rather radical position with regard to maternity leave. I do acknowledge the fact that capitalism and free market by far constitute the fundamental beliefs of the American way of life; however, similar to many people, I am strongly convinced that the government is able to do better when it comes to caring after its citizens. If 160 other countries in the world were able to adopt a similar practice and did not collapse, then the United States might follow the suit as well (Shaw & Barry, 2015, 451). The question whether the United States should require companies to provide paid maternity leave is extremely controversial. On the one hand, this is exactly what people want it to. In spite of the fact that there are numerous generations of families who raised their children without paid maternity leave, the majority of the public feels that this might be a valuable contribution to their welfare. On the other hand, there is a considerable number of people who dislike socialism and would oppose to any elements of it being introduced into the capitalistic American society. That is why the government should not require companies to provide paid maternity leave as it would distort the economic environment within the country. In addition to that, if a company

Speaking skill in teaching English as second language Essay

Speaking skill in teaching English as second language - Essay Example ational process focuses more on evaluation framework which is unlike Western process of education, and this instills fear of committing errors in Japanese EFL learners. Therefore, EFL teachers should focus on creating informal ambiance within the classroom and establishing positive relationship among students from different cultural backgrounds so that Japanese learners can shed their language anxiety in front of others. Today, English has become a common language to be taught in schools all over the world. For this purpose, schools are making broad use of technology in combination with second language theories. The idea is to adapt the best available practice that can enhance learning of English as second language. Any process that has been proved by previous research to yield best results is regarded as the best practice. It essentially includes â€Å"commitment of a teacher who is willing to use the knowledge and techniques at his or her disposal to ensure student success† (Li, 2013, p.218). Foreign language anxiety is increasingly becoming a common phenomenon among learners, and it is rapidly gaining attention among researchers for its significant impact on a learner’s ability to learn and retain a new language. This paper focuses on Japanese EFL learners’ fear of speaking English. Recommendations have been provided on how to overcome such fear. Although English has become a compulsory subject in most secondary and tertiary institutions in Japan, it is still an extremely common phenomenon that Japanese people exhibit poor English communication skills. Every year, millions of dollars are spent for making Japanese people proficient in English with the help of native or non-native English speaking teachers. Many Japanese students even travel to Western countries to learn English. There are many accepted theories that tend to explain poor English speaking skills among the Japanese. One such theory blames the geographical location of the country that isolates

International Trade - Exporting and Importing Essay

International Trade - Exporting and Importing - Essay Example Some of the popular tractors manufactured and exported by the USA are, John Deere, Ford Son and Kubota. The companies engaging in international trade have to face various barriers before they can market their produce to oversee countries. The export of tractors from the USA to Chile or Thailand is affected by the following factors; The demand for the product is the principle factor in the determining the viability of the country to export the product to. An example is the tractor which is used for tilling to produce crops for local and foreign consumption. Chile produces lumber, fruits and vegetable, grapes, pears, onion, wheat, corn, oats, peaches, garlic, asparagus and beans. Its major agricultural exports are fresh fruits, canned vegetables and wines. The government of Chile is encouraging more export from Chile to boost the country economy. Thailand on the other hand is a main exporter of rice. Due to this, tractors, which are used for tilling in large scale farms, are usually in high demand. Before considering whether to export the tractors to another country. Careful evaluation must be done to ensure that the country does not have the technology or enough facilities to manufacture the product being exported. If the country has the means to produce the same product, then the exporter will be faced by stiff competition by the local manufacturers who may offer the same product at a cheaper price. The existing trade blocks can p... , Ecuador and Peru; if these countries have the ability to produce tractors then Chile would be obliged to purchase the tractors from the other member countries. This in turn would limit the exportation of tractors to Chile. Chile has signed bilateral trade agreement with the USA, Singapore and Jordan, this trade agreement encourages trade between USA and Chile, tractors can hence be exported to Chile with ease and the manufacturer can succeed in exporting tractors to this country. Thailand on the other hand belongs to the ASEAN trading blocks. The countries in this trading block are Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysia. The free trade agreement between the USA and Thailand have not yet materialized hence the tractor exporter may have difficulties exporting to this country. Internet According to Rajib (166), the internet and E-commerce has led to the globalization. Customers from all over the world can search the internet and find products of their choice. Upon identification of the product to purchase they can pay online and also carry out other transactions through the internet. The firm seeking to export tractors to Chile and Thailand can use the internet to advertise the tractors. Bilateral trade agreements These are trade agreement between two countries, the agreement dictates what a country will export and import from its partner. These trade blocks can either promote or hinder trade between two countries. If two countries sign bilateral trade agreement then exporting and importing goods becomes relatively easy due to reduction of barriers and excessive import tax. However, these agreements may hinder other countries from exporting products to those with bilateral trade agreements. Exporting tractors from USA to Thailand may be hindered by lack

Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay Example for Free

Personal, Professional, and Ethical Belief System Essay In the human services field, personal ethical belief systems combined with professional ethics work in partnership to guide human service professionals in unraveling ethical dilemmas. An increasing number of professionals and clients seek out to define the fundamental policies of the human services field. Humans develop an integration of values, standards, and beliefs from birth throughout life. The values, standards, and beliefs developed through life assist in characterizing personal ethical belief systems. Our personal ethical belief system unites with our professional ethics to shape the ethical decision-making process. A code of ethics is essential to organizations in the human services field. A code of ethics identifies adequate behavior, endorses high standards of practice, supplies a standard to use for self assessment, and establishes a structure for professional behaviors and responsibilities. Human service professionals promote the integrity and ethics of the profession. As a result, it is crucial for a human service professional to stay educated and knowledgeable of the theoretical basis of their ethical belief system, other theoretical ethics, ethical and legal issues, and the ethical principles of their organization. Every person possesses a core system of values. My personal ethical belief system is derived from my core system of values, the people who helped shape those values, and the decision-making factors I use today to improve them as necessary. My parents, educators, Sunday schoolteachers, preachers, administrators, God, leaders, and many others in the community help shape my values and provide the basis for my ethical belief system. I articulate values in my associations with other people when I am loyal, reliable, honest, generous, trusting, trustworthy, feel a sense of accountability for my family, friends, coworkers, community, country, and the organization where I volunteer. My parents taught me to be a Christian person and to do what is morally right in the eyes of God. I met troubled times throughout my life, but I believe because of my strong morally sound background I could take those experiences and learn from them. My parents remain amazing role models in my life. I attend church and praise God every week as a reminder of why I keep my moral values and belief system close and dear to me. I choose to continue my education on many aspects in my life to assist in governing decision-making factors. As a proud citizen of America, I realize the discrepancy relating to laws and ethics. A law is a decree or government rule prepared to punish those whom disobey. Laws are consistent, universal, published, accepted, and enforced. Ethics is a sense of what is right and wrong morally. However, there is a difference between ethics and morality. According to Anstead, S. M. (1999), â€Å"Morality refers both to the standards of behavior by which individuals are judged, and to the standards of behavior by which people in general are judged in their relationships with others. Ethics, on the other hand, encompasses the system of beliefs that supports a particular view of morality. † The law often integrates ethical standards to which society subscribes. Most ethical decisions come with extensive penalties, numerous alternatives, varied results, unsure and personal consequences. My belief system is derived from my confidence that there is more to reality than what we see. I have faith in a spiritual side of reality beyond what we can see or experience. The basis of my ethical belief system comes from my values and those whom attributed to those values including my life as a believer in God and as a Christian. My metaphysiological view of theism supports my views of ethical absolutism. I found this quote interesting and supportive of my ethical belief system. According to Worldview Dictionary (2011), â€Å"Ethical absolutism is the belief that right and wrong are unchanging, not determined by the individual or the culture; revealed by God through both general and specific revelation. † Ethical absolutism follows one universal moral standard. God is infinite, everlasting, and never-changing. God set the laws of the land therefore I must abide by what is determined by God as right and wrong. God has revealed this truth through his creation and revelation. God is absolute. God created all people as equals. As a believer in God, I serve him through service to others and my community. I take on responsibilities of helping others in my community, volunteering, and donating goods. At all times I abide by these principles: worship only God, respect people, be humble, be honest, live a moral life, be generous with time, practice my views, do not criticize, judge, or condemn, do not hold a grudge, and forgive others. I believe it is right to resist temptation while knowing that evil lurks around. I believe one-day God will return and seek judgment for his people. To live morally and ethically divine is obligatory to have eternal life. As a person and professional, I understand and acknowledge that not all human beings embrace the same views as me and I respect the views of others. In the human service profession, my personal ethical belief system helps guide the work I do as a volunteer at Wise Choices Pregnancy Resource Center (WCPRC). At WCPRC the mission is to help women make life affirming choices. The services offered are free pregnancy testing, free limited sonograms, adoption referrals, abortion education, abortion recovery programs, and earn while you learn program for baby needs. I chose this organization specifically because it supports my beliefs on pro-life. Pro-life supports my beliefs as a Christian. I advocate providing women with education and alternatives to abortion. According to Wise Choices Pregnancy Resource Center (2012), â€Å"Through the years, Wise Choices, has been able to provide various kinds of help and â€Å"counseling† to the women of Wise County and the surrounding areas. We not only help the client, but family or friends of the client, in regards to the situation the client is facing. We believe we can make a difference in the lives of women, one at a time! As a Christian woman, I think that it is important to help clients who are abortion minded or abortion vulnerable see the opportunities they have to save the life they have created. As an advocate, I ask the client if she would like the opportunity to hear the gospel. If she accepts I can share the love God has for his children including the client and her unborn child. I also have the remarkable chance to ask the client if she wants to accept Jesus as her savior from sins. I explain to my clients willing to accept and hear the gospel that they may ask God to forgive them for their sins. It is also an occasion to talk to my clients about abstinence until marriage. Each of the values listed above guides me to be an advocate for the unborn child who is defenseless in his or her right to life. Often I am met with challenges, such as a woman who is pregnant from rape or incest. It is often hard to explain to a woman with traumatic experiences that it is still important to give birth to their child even in extenuating circumstances. Some of the hardest cases come from a woman who is abortion minded or vulnerable and has no interest in hearing the gospel. I go home and pray for the client, her family, and the unborn child. As a member of the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS), the Code of Ethics is an important guidance tool in ethical dilemmas. The Code of Ethics is a set standard of conduct for human service professionals to consider in the ethical decision-making process. According to the National Organization for Human Services (2009), â€Å"Human service professionals respect the integrity and welfare of the client at all times. Each client is treated with respect, acceptance and dignity. Statement two is an ethical principle not difficult to adhere. As a human service professional the integrity and welfare of the client is my duty to advocate. I make a commitment to my client when I become his or her advocate, and that commitment involves seeking the best outcome for the welfare of my client. As a Christian I see all people as equal, and I treat others with respect and dignity at all times. It is important to remem ber that it could be me in the same situation. The NOHS Code of Ethics lists ethical principles that will not be hard to adhere. However, I found a one that might prove to be slightly difficult. According to the National Organization for Human Services (2009), â€Å"Human service educators uphold the principle of liberal education and embrace the essence of academic freedom, abstaining from inflicting their own personal views/morals on students, and allowing students the freedom to express their views without penalty, censure or ridicule, and to engage in critical thinking. † The portion of this statement that might be difficult adhering to is inflicting my own personal values if I were a human service educator. I know that I could refrain from inflicting my own personal values, but I find it would be hard. As a Christian, I think it is important to share the gospel and what it means to me. For example in an ethics class students reflect upon their ethical belief systems and where they originated from. I think if I were the educator it would be hard to refrain myself from speaking my own worldviews and morals to other students. However, as a professional it is important to follow the ethical standards set for the organization in which I am an employee, and the NOHS Code of Ethics. A Code of Ethics is guiding principles that apply to different aspects of life. Ethical standards pertain too many of the following general topics: the use of psychological tests in the courtroom, the lie detector, boundaries of competence, integrity, sexual harassment, human differences, and the legal definition of insanity. * The Use of Psychological Tests in the Courtroom- The use of psychological tests in the courtroom to support the testimony of experts ranges from commendable to problematic. There is a necessity for a reasonable practice of disclosure of psychological test information during trials and courtroom procedures, afterwards the material may be sealed. Psychological tests in the courtroom should adhere to ethical standards by telling the truth and not telling truth intentionally inaccurate. In Statement 28 of the NOHS Code of Ethics, human service professional’s responsibility to the profession is to act with integrity and honesty. My ethical belief system incorporates honesty and integrity at all times. The Lie Detector – After researching ethical standards of the lie detector, I found a Code of Ethics from the American Polygraph Association. The ethical standards stated included: rights of examinees, standards for rendering polygraph decisions, post-examination notification results, restrictions on rendering opinions, restrictions on examinations, fees, standards of reporting, advertisements, release of nonrelevant information, restrictions on examination issues, and APA oversight authority. Lie detectors establish the difference between a lie and the truth; if a person has nothing to hide a lie detector should be no problem. Lie detector use brought justice to families over the years, and continues to do so with respect to the rights of all persons who take the lie detector test. As part of my personal ethics it is essential in the justice system. In Statement 35 of the NOHS Code of Ethics, accountability is maintained by the human service professional. * Boundaries of Competence – Human service professionals are only to conduct research, teach, and provide services only within their boundaries of competence, based on personal experience, education, supervised experience, and study. Reasonable steps should be taken to ensure competence in areas emerging and training does not yet exist. My personal ethics system is important to practice my views. This relates to boundaries of competence I would not practice something I did not believe to be true. In Statement 40 of the NOHS Code of Ethics human service educators demonstrate high standards of scholarships and stay current with developments in human services. * Integrity – Accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness is a role all human service professionals abide by. Integrity is something I incorporate in my personal ethical beliefs and value system. Ethically it is wrong to steal, cheat, lie, fraud, or misrepresent a client or a friend. According to American Psychological Association (2012), â€Å"In situations in which deception may be ethically justifiable to maximize benefits and minimize harm, psychologists have a serious obligation to consider the need for, the possible consequences of, and their responsibility to correct any resulting mistrust or other harmful effects that arise from the use of such techniques. My belief in God’s written words of the Bible helps shape my ethical view on integrity. Statement five of NOHS Code of Ethics protects the integrity of client records. * Sexual Harassment – Sexual harassment is solicitation, verbal or nonverbal sexual behavior, and sexual advances. All people have a right to earn a living free from persistent and pervasive acts of sexual harassment. It is not right to threaten an employee’s self-worth, esteem, and possible advancement in the workplace. As a professional, conduct should compare to higher standards of integrity and safety in the workplace. Statement 24 of NOHS Code of Ethics states that human service professionals should report unethical behavior of colleagues. My personal ethical beliefs in this situation relate back to my Christianity and the laws of the land that an act of sexual harassment is not acting appropriately in the eyes of God. * Human Differences – Human service professionals create public trust through ethical and moral acts. Human diversity is one of those acts. It is imperative to be culturally sensitive to all individuals at all times. I promise to serve all people with the intent to protect their welfare without judgment of any kind. In my ethical beliefs God is the judge, and he will return to do that one day. Statement two of the Code of Ethics for NOHS says human service professionals treat clients with respect and respect their welfare, and Statement 20 refers to diverse backgrounds. * The Legal Definition of Insanity – In my ethical belief system a person who commits an act out of insanity is still responsible for what he or she has done. It is one’s duty to do what is morally right. Questions of right and wrong are paramount, and therefore as I believe absolute. Statement 37 of the NOHS Code of Ethics addresses the need for lifelong learning, and I relate that to this case as a responsibility the human service professional has to its client, as the person who commits a crime out of insanity has a responsibility to pay the consequences. As a member of Team C throughout this course relating to ethics and law in the human services profession we did a team presentation on deontology theory, as presented earlier in the paper. According to Alexander and Moore (2008), â€Å"The word deontology derives from the Greek words for duty (deon) and science (or study) of (logos). This normative theory concentrates on what she should do from a moral standpoint. Deontology is a theory that helps to guide and access our choices in what we ought to do. † Deontology theory assumes at least three important features. The first feature concludes that duty should be done for duty’s sake. An example, acts of promise breaking, lying, or murder are wrong intrinsically, and it is the duty of humans not to do these things. Second, humans ought to be treated as subjects of intrinsic moral value; meaning an ends in themselves and never as a mere means to another end. The third feature is a moral principle is a definite essential that is universalizable; meaning it must be applicable for everyone whom is in the same moral situation. The theoretical basis of my personal ethical belief system falls under the deontology theory. Deontological theory claims the moral rightness or wrongness of an action does not depend upon the nature of its consequences, but on its intrinsic qualities. Deontology theory was founded by Immanuel Kant. Kant was motivated by the lack of a role for duty in Utilitarianism, something he believed to be the foundation of all morality. Deontology supports moral absolutism. Actions are either moral or immoral regardless of the beliefs of an individual, society, or culture. Morals of the universe are intrinsic in the laws of the universe and the nature of humanity. Therefore, the theoretical basis of my personal belief system as a Christian is supported by deontology theory. My belief in God supports ethical absolutism, deontology, and my personal ethical belief system.

Abortion Essay Introduction Essay Example for Free

Abortion Essay Introduction Essay Termination of fetus before death of the child can be defined as Pro-abortion. In the case of Roe Vs Wade, the Supreme Court had given its decision allowing the abortions in the first six months of pregnancy of period. Pro-abortion is a right of the women. The abortion is legalized from January 22, 1973 in all fifty states of Unites States. The Rose Vs Wade is foundation for pro-abortion in United States. The women rights groups and pro-abortion supporters welcomed the decision. But some of the opponents started the pro-life movement demanding abortion restrictions. Before 1973 abortion is not subject to United States constitution law. It was the matter for the individual states. So abortion was illegal if it is made after four months of pregnancy. Due to the efforts of American Medical Association anti-abortion laws have been come into force around 1900. Â  With the familiar case of Roe Vs Wade where a woman challenged the Texas laws, the U.S.Supreme Court made the following conclusions: 1. The abortion law not belongs to state issue and it is subject to Constitution of United States i.e. federal constitutional law. 2. The procurement of abortion was a constitutional right. Previous to the Roe Vs Wade, majority states in the United States of America prohibited the abortion with an exception when the life of women in threat. But the Supreme Court allowed in the case of Roe Vs Wade that woman has constitutional right for the pro abortion of first six of pregnancy. The pro-abortion would be safer and involve less complication. It is noticed that at about 89% abortions performed in the United States during 1995. All such abortions under taken in the early stage only i.e. with in the first 12-13 weeks after the last menstrual period. Since early days, the abortion was illegal and it is recommended only when life of mother is in danger. Later on the legislation developed as woman has constitutional right for the abortion of first six months of pregnancy. Accordingly the Supreme Court also given judgment stating that States could restrict the abortions of last 3 months of pregnancy. Here the last 3 months period is crucial stage, where the life fetus will be developed.

Gas sensors on zinc oxide nanostructures

Gas sensors on zinc oxide nanostructures Introduction Gas sensors based on semiconducting metal oxides are being widely used for sensing gases and vapors. The initial momentum was provided by the findings of Seiyama et al. in metal oxide-gas reaction effects in 1962. It was shown that the electrical conductivity of ZnO can be changed by the presence of reactive gases in the air. The merits of these sensors include their reliability, low cost and easy implementation. Nanostructures of metal oxides have been found to be most effective as gas-sensing materials at elevated temperatures. Very popular sensing materials are metal oxide semiconductors such as ZnO, SnO2, TiO2, and WO3. Generally the change of electric field (conductance, voltage, resistance or the change of piezoelectric effect) of the sensor is monitored as a function of the target gas concentration. Gas sensors normally operate in air, in the presence of humidity and interfering gases. A heated substrate membrane is fitted with gas sensitive nanostructured semiconductor material which generates electrical output signals once chemical reactions are initiated at their surface. A common property of all these detection reactions is that they require significant levels of thermal activation to proceed at a measurable rate. Nanostructures of semiconducting oxides are widely used for gas sensing due to their large surface area to volume ratio and possibility of complete depletion of carriers within nanostructures when exposed to gases. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a reddish-brown, highly reactive gas that reacts in the air to form corrosive nitric acid as well as toxic organic nitrates. The major man made source of NO2 emissions is high-temperature fuel combustion in motor vehicles and industries. These emissions are primarily in the form of NO which gets oxidized in the atmosphere to NO2. The conversion rate depends on the ambient concentration of NO and O3. If O3 is present, the conversion is very rapid. Health and safety guidelines suggest that humans should not be exposed to 3ppm or more NO2 gas for periods longer than eight hours because of its toxicity. NO2 is a pulmonary irritant primarily affecting the upper respiratory system in human beings. Continued or frequent exposure to high levels of NO2 can cause inflammation of the lungs. Therefore, the development of a stable NO2 gas sensor that can detect extremely low concentrations of NO2 with high sensitivity and selectivity is highly desirable. Such a sensor can be used for environmental monitoring. It can also be used in an early warning system that detects the presence of NO2 before the critical concentration of NO2 is reached. In our work, we will develop a sensor for NO2 gas sensing based on our understanding in sensor mechanism and synthesis of ZnO nanorods, using simple hydrothermal methods. The various performance parameters of the sensor, namely gas selectivity, sensitivity, response and recovery time will be studied. The gas sensor test-bench developed in COEN (Centre of Excellence in Nanotechnology), AIT, will be employed for characterizing the sensor performance. Chapter 2 Literature review This chapter is focused on the literature review of metal oxide based semiconducting nanostructures used for gas sensing. The working principle of metal oxide gas sensors, measurement methods and synthesis mechanisms is included in this review. Metal oxide nanostructures Metal oxides such as SnO2, WO3, TiO2 and ZnO possess high sensitivity to changes in their surrounding atmosphere at elevated temperatures. The sensing properties of metal oxides in form of thick or thin films have been studied to improve, by the addition of noble metals namely Pd, Pt, Au, Ag in terms of selectivity and stability. In 1991, Yamazoe showed that reduction of crystallite size caused a huge improvement in sensor performance. In a low grain size metal oxide almost all the carriers are trapped in surface states and only a few thermal activated carriers are available for conduction. From the point of view of device fabrication, first generation gas sensor devices were fabricated by thick film technology. Then the material fabrication processes improved towards the thin film technology. The fabrication process for thin film technology namely physical and chemical vapour deposition was highly automated and offers high reproducibility. The electrical properties of both thin and thick film sensors drift due to the grain porosity modification and grain boundary alteration. Several methods like addition of noble metals as catalysts or mixed oxides were put forward to improve the sensing performance of the gas sensors. The structural engineering of metal oxide nanostructured thin films proved to optimize the performance of these types of gas sensors. The various operating parameters such as response time, output signal, selectivity and stability can be improved and tuned through the optimization of the structure. Using structural engineering method, the various geometric parameters of metal oxide gas sensing matrix like grain size, agglomeration, film thickness, porosity can be controlled. The next forward step in gas sensing was achieved by the successful preparation of stable single crystal quasi-one-dimensional semiconducting oxides (nanorods, nanowires) leading to the third generation of metal oxide gas sensors. Working principle of metal oxide gas sensors Conductometric metal oxide gas sensors depend on changes of electrical conductivity due to the interaction with the surrounding atmosphere. The normal operating temperature of metal oxide gas sensors is within the range between 200  °C and 500  °C. The operating temperature should be high enough so that gas reactions occur in a time on the order of the desired response time and should also be low enough to avoid any variations in the bulk of the sensing matrix. The single crystal structure synthesized at temperatures higher than the operating temperature of the sensor shows high stability. Based on the study of a large range of oxides, the phenomenon of change in conductivity to the presence of reactive gases in air is common to oxides and not specific to a few special cases. If the conductivity is too high, then an effect is not expected and similarly if the conductivity is too low, then an effect will be difficult to measure. In practical applications, if an oxide sample has a resistivity between 104 and 108 Ocm at 300- 400  °C, then it will function as a gas sensor when heated to a temperature in this range. The sign of response (resistance increase or decrease) leads to a simple classification: gases can be classified as oxidizing or reducing and oxides can also be classified as p or n type. P-type oxides show a resistance increase in the presence of traces of reducing gases and resistance decrease to oxidizing gases. n-type oxides show opposite behaviour. This behaviour also correlates with the effect of changing oxygen partial pressure (PO2). Adsorption on surfaces The sensing mechanism in metal oxide gas sensors is related to ionosorption of species over their surfaces. The most important ionosorbed species when operating in ambient air are oxygen, water, carbon and its compounds. High concentrations of carbon can block surface sites of adsorption on a metal oxide. In the temperature range between 100  °C and 500  °C, oxygen ionosorbs over metal oxide in molecular (O2-) or atomic form (O-). Hence the study of adsorption is of fundamental importance in the field of sensors. Physisorption In this weakest form of adsorption like van der waals forces, no true chemical bond between the surface and adsorbate (or reaction species) is established. This bonding is mainly due to the induced dipole moment of a nonpolar adsorbate interacting with its own image charges on the polarized surface. The bonding energy is rather weak in the order of 0.1 eV. Chemisorption Chemisorption corresponds to the creation of chemical bonds between the adsorbate and surface and results in the electronic structure perturbation. In gas sensors, the target gas may be chemisorbed or physisorbed on the surface. When the gas species adsorb on the surface, molecules are either dissociated or diffused in the sensitive layer. Based on the Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) and Electron Paramagnetic study (EPR) studies, at lower operating temperatures, oxygen is considered to be adsorbed in molecular form (either as neutral O2 (ads) or charged O2(ads) 2- ) due to its lower activation energy. At higher temperatures it dissociates into atomic oxygen (either neutral O(ads) or singly ionized (charged) O(ads)- or doubly ionized O2(ads)- ). Finally at very high temperatures the loss of lattice oxygen (first surface and then bulk) takes place. When a reducing gas like CO comes into contact with the surface. These consume ionosorbed oxygen and in turn change the electrical conductance of metal oxide. The overall effect is a change of the density of ionosorbed oxygen that is detected as an increase of sensor conductance. Direct adsorption is also possible for the gaseous species like strongly electronegative NO2, which decreases the sensor conductance. NO2 absorption on tin oxide surfaces was studied by temperature programmed desorption measurements and found that the adsorbates originating from NO2 are the same as those from NO, as NO2 molecule dissociates easily over the tin oxide surface. These adsorbates can be divided into three types, two nitrosil types (Sn NO+ and Sn NO- ) and the nitrite type Sn O-N=O. The nitrite type does not play any role in gas sensing since it is not involved in any electron exchange with the bulk of the semiconductor. In practical applications, gas sensors are normally expected to operate in air, in the presence of humidity and interfering gases. In such cases, for operating temperatures in a range of 100 to 500  °C, at the surface of the sensitive material various oxygen, water and carbon dioxide related species are present. Some gas species form bonds by exchanging electrical charge with specific surface sites and others may form dipoles. Dipoles do not affect the concentration of free charge carriers and so they have no impact on the resistance of sensitive layer. Fig.1 explains the simplified case of adsorbed oxygen ions and hydroxyl groups bound to an n-type metal oxide semiconductor. These adsorbed ions cause a band bending while the dipoles change the electron affinity when compared to the state before the adsorption .The changes of the work function (?F) are determined by band bending (qVs due to ionosorption) and changes in the electron affinity () due to building of dipoles at the sur face (M d+ OH d-). Ec, Ec,s Energy level representing the bottom of the conduction band and at the surface respectively. Ev, Ev,s Energy level representing the top of the valence band and at the surface respectively. Evac vaccum level, EF Fermi level, ÃŽ ¦ Work function, χ Electron affinity. Sensor Characteristics The characteristic of a sensor is classified into static and dynamic. Static characteristics can be measured when all the transient effects of the output signal have stabilized in to steady state. Dynamic characteristics tend to describe the sensors transient behavior. Static characteristics Sensitivity Sensitivity is the ratio of incremental change in the output of the sensor to its incremental change of the measurand in input. For example, if we have a gas sensor whose output voltage increases by 1 V when the oxygen concentration increases by 1000 ppm, then the sensitivity would be 1 mV/ppm. Generally, the sensitivity to the target gas is defined as the percent reduction of sensor resistance. Sensitivity (%) = [(Ra- Rg) / Ra] Ãâ€"100, where Ra is the value of initial equilibrium resistance in air and Rg is resistance in the presence of a target gas. For convenience sometimes the sensitivity of gas sensor is expressed as the ratio of resistance in air over resistance in gas for reducing gases (Ra/Rg) and resistance in gas over resistance in air (Rg/Ra) for oxidizing gas. Selectivity The sensors ability to measure a single component in the presence of others is known as its selectivity. For example, an oxygen sensor that does not show a response to other gases such as CO, CO2 is considered to be selective. Selectivity = (sensitivity of gas1/sensitivity of gas2) Selectivity of the sensor is assessed by the ratio of sensitivity between the gases that is of interest to be detected over the gases that are uninteresting for detection in equivalent concentrations. To improve selectivity to specific gases, sensor array technology is also being adapted. Stability and Drift The sensors ability to produce the same output value when measuring a fixed input over a period of time is termed as stability. Drift is the gradual change in the sensors response characteristics while the input concentration of the gas remains constant. Drift is the undesired and unexpected change that is unrelated to the input. It may be attributed to aging, temperature instability, contamination, material degradation, etc. For instance, in a gas sensor, gradual change of temperature may change the baseline stability, or gradual diffusion of the electrodes metal into substrate may change the conductivity of a semiconductor gas sensor. Repeatability It denotes the sensors ability to produce the same response for successive measurements of the same input, when all operating and environmental conditions remain constant. Reproducibility The sensors ability to reproduce responses after some measurement condition has been changed. For example, after shutting down a sensing system and subsequently restarting it, a reproducible sensor will show the same response to the same measurand concentration as it did prior to being shut down. Hysteresis It is the difference between output readings for the same measurand, when approached while increasing from the minimum value and the other while decreasing from the peak value. Response Time The time taken by a sensor to arrive at a stable value is the response time. It is generally expressed as the time at which the output reaches a certain percentage (for instance 95%) of its final value, in response to a stepped change of the input. At the onset, the response time is very fast, followed by a long drawn tail before reaching steady state value, thus the response time are often expressed as 50% or 70% of the final time. Recovery time is defined as the time that the sensor takes to recover its resistance from exposed condition to the baseline value after target gas is cut out from the environment Dynamic Range or Span The range of input signals that will result in a meaningful output for the sensor is the dynamic range or span. All sensors are designed to perform over a specified range. Signals outside of this range may cause unacceptably large inaccuracies, and may even result in irreversible damage to the sensor. Dynamic characteristics The dynamic characteristics of a sensor represent the time response of the sensor system. The various important dynamic characteristics of sensors are discussed below, Rise time Rise time is defined as the time required by the sensor response to change from 10% to 90% of it final steady state value. Settling time It is the time taken by the sensor response to settle down to within a certain percentage of the steady state value. Influence of contact electrodes on sensor performance The contact electrodes used in gas sensors can have both electrical and electrochemical roles. For thin compact films, contact resistance plays an important role as dominant factor in overall resistance. The contribution of contact resistance is also extremely important for the case in which individual nanorods, nanowires or nanobelts are used as sensing layers. These electrodes are generally made of metals. They can also be fabricated from materials such as conductive polymers or conductive metal oxides. Although the concept of resistance change of the sensitive material when exposed to target gas is widely known, the overall resistance of the sensor depends not only on the gas sensing material properties but also on parameters such as transducer morphology, electrode etc. When the sensitive layer consists only of a compact continuous material and the thickness is larger than the Debye length, it can only partly depleted when exposed to target gas. In this case, the interaction does not influence the entire bulk of the material. Two levels of resistance are established in parallel and this fact limits the sensitivity. Thin layer will be the better choice which can be fully depleted. The representation shows the influence of electrode-sensing layer contacts. Rc is resistance of the electrode-metal oxide contact, R11 is the resistance of the depleted region of the compact layer, R1 is the equivalent of series resistance of R11 and Rc, and the equivalent series resistance of SRgi and Rc, in the porous and compact situations, respectively. Rgi is the average inter-grain resistance in the case of porous layer, Eb minimum of the conduction band in the bulk, qVs band bending associated with surface phenomena on the layer, and qVc also contains the band bending induced at the electrode-metal oxide contact. Improvement of selectivity by surface modifications Mixing metal oxides with Metals that function as catalysts Binary compounds and multi-component materials Doping are the most common methods used to enhance the gas sensing performance of metal oxide gas sensors. These additives can be used for modifying the catalytic activity of the base oxide, favoring formation of active phases and improving the electron exchange rate. The interaction of gas with the sensing material, resulting in the gas sensitivity, is determined by the chemical properties of the sensor surface. Different surface atoms can be introduced on the surface of the metal oxide sensors. This surface modification leads to new chemical reactivity and enables the sensor to be operated at low temperatures. Nanoscale particles of noble metals (Pd, Pt, Au and Rh) and oxides of other elements (Co, Cu and Fe) deposited on the surface of metal oxides can act as surface sites for adsorbates and promoters for surface catalysis. They create additional adsorption sites and surface electronic states and as a result gas sensitivity, selectivity, rate of response can be altered. For achieving high gas response, the noble metal should create optimal conditions for both electron and ion (spillover) exchange between surface and reacting gas species. The nature of noble metals, their oxidation state and their distribution on the surface are determining factors in gas sensor sensitivity and selectivity. To attain the homogenous distribution of noble metal on the surface is very difficult. Surface morphology has a significant effect on the shape and distribution of catalysts. Noble metal clusters have a tendency to accumulate at step edges and kinks of metal oxides during their deposition. Catalysts based on noble metals can be poisoned by many organic and inorganic chemicals that contain sulphur (H2S, SO2, thiols) and phophorus. The excessive thickness of catalytic active additives can change their functions, turning into either shunting layer or active membrane filters, obstructing the penetration of detecting gas in the surface of gas sensing matrix. At certain conditions this quality can also be used for an improvement of gas sensors selectivity. It has been studied that the incorporation of additional phases (different oxides) in nanocrystalline systems in small quantities can change the conditions of base oxide growth. SnO2 doped with Nb (0.1 4 mol%) causes a decrease in crystallite size from 220 nm for pure SnO2 to about 30 nm for Nb (0.1 mol%) doped samples. The additional influence observed due to doping is the change in film resistance. SnO2 doping by Nb and Sb in the range of 0.01 and 1.0 mol% during sol-gel preparation and annealed at 900  °C leads to film resistance decrease of 100 to 1000 times respectively, while doping with In resulted in a rise in film resistance by a factor of 100. The effect of doping on gas sensing properties of metal oxide gas sensors is different from the catalytic activity of these additives. Improvement of selectivity by operating conditions The sensor material may be operated at a comparably wide range of operating temperatures (300 900  °C) leading to different thermal energies for the surface reactions, differences may be attained by selecting the operating temperature, leading to a variation in gas sensitivity. A more improved version of this idea is to continuously increase or decrease the operating temperature of a given sensor and to continuously measure the variation of conductivity. This technique is known as temperature transient operation which gives more information in case of gas mixtures. To realize selective gas detection, sensor arrays are also constructed where several sensors showing different patterns of gas sensitivity are selected and simultaneously operated. A simple technique to obtain an array using one sensor is to modulate the operating temperature to different levels. Excessive increase of operating temperature may lead to a considerable drop of gas sensitivity. Moreover increasing working t emperature can create conditions, where gas response will then be determined by change of bulk properties of material. Improvement of response and recovery time of gas sensors A high speed gas switching system can be used to improve the response of the gas sensor. Yamazoe et al. studied the response and recovery properties of SnO2 porous film gas sensors using a high speed gas switching system. The developed system allows the rapid replacement of the gas atmosphere in the chamber between air and H2 (or CO). It was reported that the response speed of the sensor was fast, reaching a response time of less than 0.5s at 350  °C. The rates of diffusion and surface reactions of these gases (H2 and CO) in the porous sensing film are high enough for the sensor to reach a steady state within a short time. However the resistance in air did not reach the original value by repeated switching. This incomplete recovery was attributed to the slow desorption of H2O and CO2 formed on SnO2 by the surface reaction of H2 and CO respectively. Synthesis of 1-D metal oxide nanostructures Metal oxide nanostructures synthesis methods are broadly categorized as Solution phase synthesis method, where the growth process is carried out in liquid. Since aqueous solutions are used, this process is otherwise termed as hydrothermal growth process. Gas phase synthesis method uses gaseous environment in closed chambers. The synthesis is carried out at high temperatures from 500  °C to 1500  °C. Zinc oxide (ZnO) ZnO is wide bandgap (Eg = 3.4 eV) II VI compound semiconductor which has a non-centrosymmetric wurtzite structure with polar surfaces and lattice parameters a = 0.3296 and c = 0.52065 nm. The structure of ZnO can be described as a number of alternating planes composed of tetrahedrally coordinated O2- and Zn2+ ions, stacked alternatively along the c-axis. The tetrahedral coordination in ZnO results in piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties. The oppositely charged ions produce positively charged (0001)-Zn and negatively charged (000-1)-O polar surfaces, resulting in a normal dipole moment and spontaneous polarization along the c-axis. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zinc oxide nanostructures Different techniques namely sol-gel, spray pyrolysis, hydrothermal method, electrospinning and thermal evaporation are prevalent for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and nanorods. The hydrothermal process is an environmentally friendly process and does not require a complex vacuum environment. The hydrothermal process is surface independent and provides good control over the morphology of the nanostructures. ZnO nanorods growth on glass substrates by thermal decomposition of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) and zinc nitrate is reported by Baruah et al. Thermal degradation of HMT releases hydroxyl ions which react with Zn2+ ions from ZnO. The role of HMT is to supply the hydroxyl ions to drive the precipitation reaction. Sugunan et al, have proposed that HMT being a long chain polymer and a nonpolar chelating agent, gets preferentially attached to the non polar facets of the zincitie crystal thereby cutting off the access of Zn2+ ions to them leaving only the polar (001) face for epitaxial growth. Metal oxide nanostructure based conductometric gas sensors Zinc oxide Characterization of gas sensing properties of ZnO nanowires is reported by Ahn et.al. ZnO nanowires were fabricated by a selective growth method on patterned Au catalysts forming a nanobridge between two Pt pillar electrodes. The gas sensing properties were demonstrated using NO2 gas. The response as a function of temperature is shown to be highest at 225  °C and linearly increased with the concentration of NO2 in the range of 0.5 3ppm and saturated beyond this range. The sensor performance is also compared with ZnO nanocrystals, Sn and In doped ZnO thin film. Also the nanobridge structure is shown to have fast recovery behaviour because the desorbed gas molecules can be easily removed off from the nanowires surfaces. Lupan et.al demonstrated the gas sensing behaviour of Al doped ZnO films synthesized by successive chemical deposition method. Successive chemical solution deposition method was reported to be simple and requires non-sophisticated equipment to produce nanostructures with high efficiency. Nanostructured ZnO films doped with Al showed a high sensitivity to CO2 than undoped ZnO films. Characterization and gas sensing properties of ZnO hollow spheres is reported by Zhang et.al. Different concentrations of NH3 and NO2 at different temperatures were used to test the gas sensor. ZnO hollow sphere sensor exhibited extremely different sensing behaviors to NH3 and NO2. The optimum operating temperature of the sensor was 200  °C for NH3 and 240  °C for NO2 respectively. The gas sensor exhibited much higher response to NO2 than to other gases at 240  °C implying good selectivity and potential application of the sensor for detecting NO2. Tin oxide Law et.al, analyzed room temperature sensing properties of a single crystalline tin oxide nanowire sensor towards nitrogen dioxide. NO2 chemisorb strongly on SnO2 surface and at room temperature desorption is not complete when the NO2 is removed. UV light was used to activate both the adsorption and desorption process. In the dark, oxygen adsorbs on the surface capturing electrons from the semiconductor and creates a depletion layer. When exposed to UV, photo-generated holes migrate to the surface and recombine with electrons releasing oxygen ions, with an increase in conductance. The detection limit was 2 10 ppm of nitrogen dioxide. Kolmakov et.al studied the effect of catalysis in tin oxide single wire FET structures. The sensing capabilities of SnO2 single nano-wires and nanobelts in a FET configuration before and after functionalization with Pd catalyst was analysed. The improvement in the sensing performance after catalysation was reported to be the combined effect of spill-over of atomic oxygen formed catalytically on Pd clusters and migrating on SnO2 surface and also to the back spill-over effect in which weakly bound molecular oxygen migrates to Pd clusters and are catalytically dissociated. Indium oxide Indium oxide nanowires have been tested towards ethanol by Xiangfeng et.al. A mixture of In2O3 nanowire and polyvinyl alcohol solution was coated on alumina tubes with two gold contacts at the end; a heating wire was inserted in the tube to operate in the temperature range 100 500 °C. The resistance of the nanowires was monitored in presence of air, ethanol and other gases. The highest response was obtained with ethanol, the detection limit was estimated to be equal to 100 ppm. Molybdenum oxide Molybdenum oxide nanorods based gas sensing was reported. The MoO3 nanorods were characterized by high response to ethanol and CO at temperatures in the range of 100  °C. The response of thin films with the same structure was comparatively studied and nanorods based sensor resulted in one order of magnitude more sensitive due to the high surface to volume ratio and reduced lateral dimensions of the nanorods. Other metal oxides Sawicka et.al. presented the nitrogen sensing properties of tungsten oxide nanowires prepared with electrospinning. The effect of processing parameter variations was studied and a comparison with thin films prepared by sol-gel was also presented. WO3 nanowires showed better NO2 sensing performances compared to sol-gel processed films due to increase in surface area of nanowires. A large amount of literature is available on the gas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes. Only little attention is put in the studies of gas sensing properties of metal oxide based tubular structures. Varghese et.al. studied the hydrogen sensing properties of titania nano-tubes. The tests were performed in nitrogen atmosphere and 1% H2. The response time increased with temperature and the response time was 2-3 min. NO2 gas sensors based on ZnO nanostructures Liu et.al reported the NO2 gas sensing properties of vertically aligned ZnO nanorod arrays prepared by hydrothermal method with zinc acetate and hexamethylenetetramine. The seed layer was deposited by ultrasonic spary pyrolysis. The aqueous hydrothermal solution was prepared by mixing equimolar ratio of zinc acetate dehydrate and HMT. The hydrothermal growth was carried out in a Teflon-lined stainless container. The substrate was put in the solution with the seeded face down and the container was sealed and kept at 110 °C for three hours. The nanorod sensor shows a higher sensitivity than the ZnO film based sensor prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The enhanced sensitivity is attributed to the higher aspect ratio of the nanorod structure and the sensitivity increases with the length of the nanorod. The relative response of the sensor is linearly proportional to NO2 concentration in the 0.2 5 ppm range. The NO2 gas sensing properties of semiconducting type gas sensors with channels composed of non-agglomerated, necked ZnO nanoparticles were investigated by Jun et.al. The heat treatment of the nanoparticles at 400 °C led to their necking and coarsening. The slight necking of the nanoparticles with their neighbors also enhanced the conductivity of the channels, due to the lowering of the potential barrier. The response of the necked nanoparticle based sensor was reported to be as high as 100 when exposed to 0.2 ppm of NO2 at 200  °C. NO2 gas sensor based on ZnO nanorods grown by ultrasonic irradiation was reported to very high sensitivity with a very low detection limit of 10 ppb at 250 °C. Sonochemical route was employed for the fabrication of vertically aligned nanorods on a Pt electrode patterned alumina substrate. The total time requir

Arpanet :: essays research papers

The Network Working Group's development of open technical documentation - the RFC - was a necessary step to technical advancement. Steve Crocker explains the importance of openness in a developmental situation: "The environment we were operating in was one of open research. The only payoff available was to have good work recognized and used. Software was generally considered free. Openness wasn't an option; it just was." (Crocker, 1993c) The NWG's work was important (THE?) to the development of the ARPANET. Their work paved the way for the development of TCP/IP, when more capacity was needed and other problems arose. I would call the RFC one of the Heralding Achievements of the NWG. It represents the forward looking view which these people had and it proved to succeed. The principles which embody RFC 3 foreshadowed the success of TCP/IP from NCP's influence. Both TCP/IP and NCP were developed in the field. A version of the protocols would be released for experimentation and use. Also all specifications were available free and easily available for people to examine and make comments about. Only through this early release were the problems and kinks found and worked out in a timely manner. This bottom-up approach is substantially different than the top-down approach which other protocol suites have been developed under. The top-down idea comes from figuring everything out as a standard on paper, or behind closed doors and then releasing it to be used. The bottom-up (and free accessibility of protocol documentation and specifications) model allows for a wide-range of people and experiences to join i n and perfect the protocol and make it the best possible. (Check email in TCPIP.MAIL file to provide quotes.) In summing up the achievements of the process that developed the ARPANET, the ARPANET Completion Report draft explains: "The ARPANET development was an extremely intense activity in which contributions were made by many of the best computer scientists in the United States. Thus, almost all of the "major technical problems" already mentioned received continuing attention and the detailed approach to those problems changed" [II-24] The computer scientists and others involved were encouraged in their work by the ARPA philosophy of gathering the best computer scientists working in the field and supporting them: "IPT usually does little day-to-day management of its contractors.

Artemis :: essays research papers

Artemis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Artemis was born of Leto and Zeus, on the island of Delos, later helping with the delivery of her twin brother, Apollo. Some sources state that her actual birthplace is not Delos, but an island called Ortygia. Although the two islands could be one and the same, it is not clear. In helping with the birth of her brother Artemis fulfilled her role as a goddess of childbirth (which she shares with Eileithyia and Hera). She is the goddess of chastity, the hunt and the moon, too. But I'll get more into those later.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Artemis was closely linked with her brother. For example, sudden death, particularly of the young, was often attributed to them (Artemis killing the girls and Apollo the boys). In fact, a rather famous legend involves both Artemis and Apollo. The story is told at length by the poet Ovid, in his Metamorphoses. The women of Thebes gave Leto great honor, often offering generous gifts and hymns to her which upset Niobe. After all, She had seven daughters and seven sons, whereas Leto merely had the twins. Besides, she was rich and beautiful, and the queen of Thebes. So Niobe claimed that she deserved the attention and honor more then Leto. Upon hearing this Leto was infuriated. She couldn't believe such blatant hubris, and complained to her two children. To avenge their insulted mother, Apollo and Artemis went to the palace of Thebes and with their unerring shafts, they shot down all 14 of Niobe's children (Artemis the girls and Apollo the boys). Niobe was turned to st one and placed atop a mountain. It is said that tears continue to trickle down her marble face, with the grief of her dead children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the goddess of chastity, Artemis is modest, pure, and virginal. One famous story depicting her chaste nature is the story of Actaeon, also told in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Actaeon was a passionate hunter. Out on his hunt, one day, he found himself lost, and stumbled upon Artemis bathing with her nymphs in a stream in the forest. Without her arrows at hand, she flung water over the surprised Actaeon. To ensure that he could never tell of seeing the modest goddess nude, she turned him into a stag. He fled but was hunted and killed by his own hunting hounds. Though severe, Artemis protected her virginal nature (even if it may have been an accident to begin with).

societhf Rejection of Civilization in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Rejection of Civilization in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn In the novel Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Huck decides to reject civilization. At the end of the story Aunt Sally wants to civilize him, but he refuses. He says "I reckon I got to light out for the territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally, she's going to adopt me civilize me, and I can't stand it. I've been there before." Huck decides to choose against society because of all the harsh realities that he has seen first hand. Huck's early doubts of the civilized world all started with Pap. During most of his childhood, Huck had been abused both physically and mentally by his redneck guardian Pap. This man had walked into and out of Huck's life on numerous occasions. He was the only father figure in Huck's life and failed miserably at the job. Pap was the first representation of civilization to Huck and it was a sour one. It was also civilization that awarded custody of Huck to Pap. He had been screwed over too many times by the civilized world, and that was the main reason he decided to leave home. Huck ran from his troubles at home down the Mississippi River. The river is where he found his sanctuary. Jim and Huck were always safe, independent, and free out on the raft. It seemed that every time they would go to shore, something negative involving civilization would arise. The dark side of human nature and suffering would meet up with the two of them. They always stumbled upon the under-belly of society. The symbol of human suffering was the Grangerfords family. When Huck found himself in front of their farm after the ship wreck, his first impression was a positive one. He thought that the Grangerfords were a pleasant, normal family. However the dark secrets that existed within the family could make skin crawl. The paintings and writings made by Emmeline Grangerford, who died when she was fourteen, are of rather morbid subjects. She was a messed up child that came from a bizarre, disturbed family. They had a feudal war going with another family where constant deaths and suffering took place. Just before Huck leaves, his age equivalent and societhf Rejection of Civilization in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays Rejection of Civilization in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn In the novel Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Huck decides to reject civilization. At the end of the story Aunt Sally wants to civilize him, but he refuses. He says "I reckon I got to light out for the territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally, she's going to adopt me civilize me, and I can't stand it. I've been there before." Huck decides to choose against society because of all the harsh realities that he has seen first hand. Huck's early doubts of the civilized world all started with Pap. During most of his childhood, Huck had been abused both physically and mentally by his redneck guardian Pap. This man had walked into and out of Huck's life on numerous occasions. He was the only father figure in Huck's life and failed miserably at the job. Pap was the first representation of civilization to Huck and it was a sour one. It was also civilization that awarded custody of Huck to Pap. He had been screwed over too many times by the civilized world, and that was the main reason he decided to leave home. Huck ran from his troubles at home down the Mississippi River. The river is where he found his sanctuary. Jim and Huck were always safe, independent, and free out on the raft. It seemed that every time they would go to shore, something negative involving civilization would arise. The dark side of human nature and suffering would meet up with the two of them. They always stumbled upon the under-belly of society. The symbol of human suffering was the Grangerfords family. When Huck found himself in front of their farm after the ship wreck, his first impression was a positive one. He thought that the Grangerfords were a pleasant, normal family. However the dark secrets that existed within the family could make skin crawl. The paintings and writings made by Emmeline Grangerford, who died when she was fourteen, are of rather morbid subjects. She was a messed up child that came from a bizarre, disturbed family. They had a feudal war going with another family where constant deaths and suffering took place. Just before Huck leaves, his age equivalent and

Interpersonal Communication Complete Course Essay

Many people believe that communication skills are easy and should come naturally. As we have learned this week, learning effective interpersonal communication skills requires a lot of time and practice. Of all the skills listed in Chapter Two of Making Connections: Understanding Interpersonal Communication, which skill(s) are you most excited about improving in your interpersonal relationships? Why do you feel that you need to make improvements in this area? Based on the course material that you read this week, what are some ways that you plan on using these skills in your everyday life? DQ 2 In Chapter Three of Making Connections: Understanding Interpersonal Communication, the author lays out many psychological concepts concerning the â€Å"self.† How do all these concepts relate to interpersonal communication? Also, give an example of how your â€Å"self-concept,† â€Å"self-image,† or â€Å"self-esteem† has affected your interpersonal communication. Week 1 Assignment: Week 1 Assignment Article Critique (Making Poor Communication) (550+ Words) Week 2 DQ 1 In Chapter Four of Making Connections: Understanding Interpersonal Communication, the author discusses the power of language and how verbal communication can affect interpersonal relationships. The author also mentions ways in which you can improve your verbal communication. Explain  how you will use these skills to make your interpersonal verbal communication more effective. Use a specific example of someone in your life (past or present) that is difficult to communicate with. Describe how using these skills could improve your communication with this person. DQ 2 Nonverbal communication is one of the most powerful ways that we communicate in our interpersonal relationships. Sometimes, however, we may find ourselves unintentionally communicating something that we do not mean to. This tends to happen quite often in intercultural communication situations (when we are communicating across different cultures). Provide an example of a time when you nonverbally communicated something other than what you meant. Or, use an example of when someone else nonverbally communicated something to you that was different than what they meant. What happened in this situation? Be specific in your example and also discuss what you will do in the future to avoid this. Week 2 Assignment: Week 2 Assignment Article Critique (Talking Styles). (600+ Words) Week 2 Qiuz 10 Q’s and A’s. Week 3 DQ 1 Some students think that they do not have much of a cultural background because they were not born outside of the United States or because they do not speak another language. The truth is that everyone has a culture! This can be in regards to your race, ethnicity, gender, age, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, ability, etc. Take some time to write about your own culture and share with us what makes you who you are. Try to not focus on just one aspect of yourself, but try to utilize as many cultural elements as possible. Also, address why culture is important in communication. How does your culture affect your communication with others? DQ 2 Some of the work from communication expert, James McCorskey, has been very influential in research within the interpersonal communication field. He is especially well-known for his communication research scales. Go to the Willingness to Listen website and complete the â€Å"Willingness to Listen Measure.† Follow the directions on the website to score your results. Based on your results, do you have a high, moderate, or low willingness to listen to others? How do you think your willingness to listen score could impact your interpersonal relationships? Do you think that this measure was accurate for you? What about the measure do you think was or was not accurate? Week 3 Assignment: Week 3 Assignment Final Paper Outline (Rough Draft for Letter of Advice) (950+ Words) Week 3 Assignment Article Critique (Self-Disclosure, Gender, and Communication). (450+Words) DQ 1 One of the most frustrating situations in the professional world is to work with someone who is not professional in their job. This often makes it a very disheartening work environment because of the low level of professionalism. Have you ever found yourself in a situation where the work environment was not professional? How did you handle the situation? Share an example. If your work experience is limited, consider a time when you were working with others in a different context, such as school or a club. Also, address how you can combat this in the future with effective communication skills. DQ 2 Social media (e.g., email, blogs, Face book, Skype, and Twitter) has played a major role in changing the way that we all engage in interpersonal communication. As we have learned this week, this form of communication through electronic media is referred to as mediated communication. As with everything, there are many pros and cons to using mediated communication in our interpersonal relationships. How has mediated communication improved  your interpersonal relationships? How has it hurt them? Provide examples to illustrate your point.

Polk Company Review Essay

In this case, would it be wear out to custom the changeable or denseness hail manner, and why? In this case, it would be better to use the absorption order because this mode incorporates only the belt that is allocated to the 80,000 units sold. The variable star method counts fixed overhead as a period expense, meaning that the fixed overhead for this period is calculated on the reason of the 95,000 units produced, if the absorption method is used. The absorption method only calculates fixed overhead on the basis of the 80,000 units that were sold. This provides management with a much immaculate picture of the profitability of the fishing lures. Thus, the absorption cost method is optimal. What are the benefits of the two methods? on a lower floor absorption be system, the return cost consists of all variable as well as all fixed manufacturing be.. But when variable costing system is used, the fixed cost (both manufacturing and non-manufacturing) is do by as a pe riod cost and therefore is not included in the product cost. The ability to provide accurate information to management about product costs is the main benefit of the absorption method. The variable method is beneficial because it provides an production (net income) that is closer to the cash flow of the business. This is usable in particular for businesses that might be short on cash flow. Further, the variable costing method provides management with a clearer picture of the effect that fixed costs shake on the total profitability of the company (AFM, 2012). Which method would lead to the best decision when a competitor is submitting a lower bid for your product? assiduity costing is particularly useful for firms that do not sell all of their construct products during the accounting period, as is the case with Polk. Under absorption costing, the cost of a well is not shown until the good has been sold (Johnston, 2013). This put forward be a disadvantage if a portion of the go ods produced are ultimately not sold, as management would still have to know the cost of those goods.

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt

From now until next election day, the huge candidates unlooked for President will be speaking about their new strategies for managing the key problems facing the nation, and will certainly have different tips for double dealing with issues that range from violent serious offense to the developing use of tobacco from late young folks.Franklin Roosevelt created many different laws and agencies to reach his goals of relief, reform, logical and recovery. Roosevelt created the Social Security Act. The personal Social Security Act provided modest pensions, unemployment insurance, logical and financial assistance to handicapped, elderly, and dependent children.It was a central system that provided for the welfare of individuals in the new industrial act.Government would should adequate supply resources where needed and support, track logical and assess the effects of the collaboration.The Civilian Consercation Corps and the Works rapid Progress Administration were made to design new wor k programs unlooked for people and kept people from starving. It also helped citizens restore their self-respect that they she had lost during the hard years of the Great Depression. These federal agencies provided needed labor for public projects. For women, the depression made their position in the economy worse.

A solution was provided by them.Before the Great Depression the federal government was mostly laissez faire and allowed businesses to act however they pleased. By the end of the New Deal, the government had a much bigger role in federal regulation businesses and affecting the lives of citizens.Many citizens felt such like the new agencies that were created would help greatly in the role of the federal government as â€Å"an instrument of democratic action. † Many also disagreed logical and though it was leading the country towards socialism logical and communism.Although it isnt possible to quantify risk, it can be approximated.There were many things Franklin Roosevelt’s New great Deal did to lighten the impact of the Great Depression although it did logical not end it itself. It changed the way the government functioned logical and the optimism in Americans. It gave citizens little hope in overcoming hardships. Roosevelt built a dominant new political coalition, creating a democratic majority.

Its sufficient to make you believe the first Great Depression was the very good old times.Ross, Stewart. many Causes and Consequences of the Great Depression. Texas: Steck-Vaughn Company, 1998. Print.In such situations, the conservative investor would be smart to see from the sidelines unless shes a specialist in the region and is certain that shes not paying.com/long_divine_appap_7/23/5931/1518562. cw/index. dynamic html FDR’s New Deal Summary & Analysis. http://www.

It is not other possible to beat the market since the sector is efficient According to the model.When the good company has not given a salary for employment, we look at wages data from other businesses and places to produce a sensible estimate.Several must have lost hope of obtaining a secure occupation.Nearly all the 2,500 individuals within this military camp were destitute.

There arent any simple procedures to attain that.The only answer is they can not.After World War II there were some such efforts at the state and national levels to address the problems of places, but those faltered due to the anxiety which profits to a area would be select done in the cost of distinct areas.The authorities was altered by the New Deal.